J Curr Surg

Journal of Current Surgery, ISSN 1927-1298 print, 1927-1301 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Curr Surg and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.currentsurgery.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 3, September 2014, pages 76-85

Gender Dimorphism of Crania in Young Jordanian Adults: Discriminant Function Analysis Approach for Gender Prediction

**Table 1.** The Cephalometric Landmarks Employed in the Present Investigation
Name	Abbreviation	Description
Metopion	M	Point where the line that connects the highest points of the frontal eminences crosses the sagittal plane.
Supraglabellare	Sg	Most posterior midline point in the supraglabellar fossa, the concavity between glabella and metopion most posterior midline point in the supraglabellar fossa.
Glabella	G	Most anterior point in the midsagittal plane between the superciliary arches.
Nasion	N	Most anterior point on the fronto-nasal suture in the midsagittal plane.
V1		Upper parameter of the frontal sinus cavity.
V2		Lower parameter of the frontal sinus cavity.
H1		Anterior parameter of the frontal sinus cavity on bregma to nasion line, the line from the inner location of bregma to nasion.
H2		Posterior parameter of the frontal sinus cavity on bregma to nasion line.
Sella	S	Midpoint of sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa.
Orbitale	Or	Lowest point on the lower margin of the bony orbit.
Porion	Po	Top of the external auditory meatus.
Basion	Ba	Most inferior posterior point in the sagittal plane on the anterior rim of the foramen magnum.
Mastoidale	Ma	Lowest point of the mastoid process.
B1		Anterior parameter of the mastoidale width at the level of cranial base.
B2		Posterior parameter of the mastoidale width at the level of cranial base.
Menton	Me	The lowest point on the symphyseal shadow of the mandible seen on a lateral cephalogram.
Gonion	Go	A point on the curvature of the angle of the mandible located by bisecting the angle formed by lines tangent to the posterior ramus and the inferior border of the mandible.
Articulare	Ar	A point at the junction of the posterior border of the ramus and the inferior border of the posterior cranial base (occipital bone).
Anterior nasal spine	ANS	The anterior tip of the sharp bony process of the maxilla at the lower margin of the anterior nasal opening.

Table 1. The Cephalometric Landmarks Employed in the Present Investigation

Name

Abbreviation

Description

Metopion

Point where the line that connects the highest points of the frontal eminences crosses the sagittal plane.

Supraglabellare

Most posterior midline point in the supraglabellar fossa, the concavity between glabella and metopion most posterior midline point in the supraglabellar fossa.

Glabella

Most anterior point in the midsagittal plane between the superciliary arches.

Nasion

Most anterior point on the fronto-nasal suture in the midsagittal plane.

Upper parameter of the frontal sinus cavity.

Lower parameter of the frontal sinus cavity.

Anterior parameter of the frontal sinus cavity on bregma to nasion line, the line from the inner location of bregma to nasion.

Posterior parameter of the frontal sinus cavity on bregma to nasion line.

Sella

Midpoint of sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa.

Orbitale

Lowest point on the lower margin of the bony orbit.

Porion

Top of the external auditory meatus.

Basion

Most inferior posterior point in the sagittal plane on the anterior rim of the foramen magnum.

Mastoidale

Lowest point of the mastoid process.

Anterior parameter of the mastoidale width at the level of cranial base.

Posterior parameter of the mastoidale width at the level of cranial base.

Menton

The lowest point on the symphyseal shadow of the mandible seen on a lateral cephalogram.

Gonion

A point on the curvature of the angle of the mandible located by bisecting the angle formed by lines tangent to the posterior ramus and the inferior border of the mandible.

Articulare

A point at the junction of the posterior border of the ramus and the inferior border of the posterior cranial base (occipital bone).

Anterior nasal spine

ANS

The anterior tip of the sharp bony process of the maxilla at the lower margin of the anterior nasal opening.

**Table 2.** The Cephalometric Parameters Employed in the Present Study
Parameter	Description
Linear measurements
Ba-ANS	Basion to anterior nasal spine.	Depth of face.
Ba-N	Basion to nasion.	Length of skull base.
N-ANS	Nasion to anterior nasal spine.	Height of upper face.
ANS-Me	Anterior nasal spine to Menton.	Height of lower face.
N-Me	Nasion to Menton.	Anterior height of face.
Id-Me	Infradentale to Menton.	Height of mandibular symphasis.
Ar-Go	Articular to gonion.	Height of mandibular ramus.
Me-Go	Menton to gonion.	Length of mandibular body.
FSHt	V1 to V2.	Frontal sinus height.
FSWd	H1 to H2.	Frontal sinus width.
MHt	Mastoidale to B1-B2.	Mastoid height.
MWd	B1 to B2.	Mastoid width.
Sg-N	Supraglabellar to nasion.
GSg-N	Glabella to Sg-N (distance between glabella and the supraglabellare to nasion line).
Angular measurements
GM-Ba-N	Glabella-metopion to Basion-nasion.
GM-SN	Glabella-metopion to Sella-nasion.
GM-FH	Glabella-metopion to Frankfort plane (porion-orbitale).
Proportional
GPI	GSg-N/Sg-N × 100%	Glabella projection index.

Table 2. The Cephalometric Parameters Employed in the Present Study

Parameter

Description

Linear measurements

Ba-ANS

Basion to anterior nasal spine.

Depth of face.

Ba-N

Basion to nasion.

Length of skull base.

N-ANS

Nasion to anterior nasal spine.

Height of upper face.

ANS-Me

Anterior nasal spine to Menton.

Height of lower face.

N-Me

Nasion to Menton.

Anterior height of face.

Id-Me

Infradentale to Menton.

Height of mandibular symphasis.

Ar-Go

Articular to gonion.

Height of mandibular ramus.

Me-Go

Menton to gonion.

Length of mandibular body.

FSHt

V1 to V2.

Frontal sinus height.

FSWd

H1 to H2.

Frontal sinus width.

MHt

Mastoidale to B1-B2.

Mastoid height.

MWd

B1 to B2.

Mastoid width.

Sg-N

Supraglabellar to nasion.

GSg-N

Glabella to Sg-N (distance between glabella and the supraglabellare to nasion line).

Angular measurements

GM-Ba-N

Glabella-metopion to Basion-nasion.

GM-SN

Glabella-metopion to Sella-nasion.

GM-FH

Glabella-metopion to Frankfort plane (porion-orbitale).

Proportional

GPI

GSg-N/Sg-N × 100%

Glabella projection index.

**Table 3.** Means, Standard Deviations, Wilks’ Lambda and Univariate F Values of All Parameters, and the Classification Accuracy of Each Parameter
Parameter	Male (N = 47)	Female (N = 99)	Tests of equality of group means	Classification accuracy (%)
Degrees of freedom: 1 and 144. Significance level considered: P < 0.05.
Linear measurements (mm)
Sg-N	40.34	5.67	37.77	5.15	0.95	7.42	0.007	71.2
N-Me	152.98	9.09	145.85	8.36	0.87	21.87	0.000	72.6
N-ANS	65.31	4.69	62.91	4.26	0.94	9.5	0.002	70.5
MWd	29.56	3.4	26.17	3.89	0.85	26.07	0.000	69.9
MHt	17.84	4.34	10.52	3.04	0.51	138.73	0.000	82.2
Me-Go	89.8	6.33	90.22	6.8	1.00	0.13	0.722	67.8
Id-Me	41.72	3.67	39.24	3.78	0.91	13.94	0.000	70.5
GSg-N	4.26	1.63	3.08	1.15	0.85	25.16	0.000	71.2
FSWd	31.95	8.18	30.56	7.47	0.99	1.04	0.310	67.8
FSHt	13.23	4.00	11.07	2.74	0.91	14.49	0.000	73.3
Ba-ANS	115.65	7.36	112.18	7.35	0.95	7.09	0.009	67.1
Ba-N	129.62	7.98	123.63	7.25	0.88	20.38	0.000	70.5
Ar-Go	56.12	8.43	52.46	5.35	0.93	10.14	0.002	70.5
ANS-Me	88.67	7.08	83.85	6.96	0.9	15.13	0.000	69.2
Angular measurements (°)
GM-SN	97.85	7.04	94.37	4.94	0.92	11.86	0.001	72.6
GM-FH	105.86	6.09	102.39	5.21	0.92	12.65	0.001	70.5
GM-Ba-N	79.31	6.35	76.7	4.68	0.95	7.82	0.006	71.2
Proportional (%)
GPI	10.43	3.29	8.07	2.53	0.86	22.72	0.000	69.9

Table 3. Means, Standard Deviations, Wilks’ Lambda and Univariate F Values of All Parameters, and the Classification Accuracy of Each Parameter

Parameter

Male (N = 47)

Female (N = 99)

Tests of equality of group means

Classification accuracy (%)

Mean

Wilks’ lambda

Sig.

*Degrees of freedom: 1 and 144. *Significance level considered: P < 0.05.

Linear measurements (mm)

Sg-N

40.34

5.67

37.77

5.15

0.95

7.42

0.007

71.2

N-Me

152.98

9.09

145.85

8.36

0.87

21.87

0.000

72.6

N-ANS

65.31

4.69

62.91

4.26

0.94

9.5

0.002

70.5

MWd

29.56

3.4

26.17

3.89

0.85

26.07

0.000

69.9

MHt

17.84

4.34

10.52

3.04

0.51

138.73

0.000

82.2

Me-Go

89.8

6.33

90.22

6.8

1.00

0.13

0.722

67.8

Id-Me

41.72

3.67

39.24

3.78

0.91

13.94

0.000

70.5

GSg-N

4.26

1.63

3.08

1.15

0.85

25.16

0.000

71.2

FSWd

31.95

8.18

30.56

7.47

0.99

1.04

0.310

67.8

FSHt

13.23

4.00

11.07

2.74

0.91

14.49

0.000

73.3

Ba-ANS

115.65

7.36

112.18

7.35

0.95

7.09

0.009

67.1

Ba-N

129.62

7.98

123.63

7.25

0.88

20.38

0.000

70.5

Ar-Go

56.12

8.43

52.46

5.35

0.93

10.14

0.002

70.5

ANS-Me

88.67

7.08

83.85

6.96

0.9

15.13

0.000

69.2

Angular measurements (°)

GM-SN

97.85

7.04

94.37

4.94

0.92

11.86

0.001

72.6

GM-FH

105.86

6.09

102.39

5.21

0.92

12.65

0.001

70.5

GM-Ba-N

79.31

6.35

76.7

4.68

0.95

7.82

0.006

71.2

Proportional (%)

GPI

10.43

3.29

8.07

2.53

0.86

22.72

0.000

69.9

**Table 4.** The Outcome of the Stepwise Discriminant Analysis Indicating the Parameters and Their Corresponding Standardized Coefficients Which Entered the Discriminant Equation
Parameter	Coefficient
MWd	0.4378
MHt	0.6904
GSg-N	0.3306
Ba-N	0.3789

Table 4. The Outcome of the Stepwise Discriminant Analysis Indicating the Parameters and Their Corresponding Standardized Coefficients Which Entered the Discriminant Equation

Parameter

Coefficient

MWd

0.4378

MHt

0.6904

GSg-N

0.3306

Ba-N

0.3789

**Table 5.** Classification Accuracy of Discriminant Functions Applied to Parameters Measured on Lateral Cephalogram of Jordanian Young Adults
Model	Classification accuracy (%)	Cross-validated (%)	Classification accuracy (%)	Cross-validated (%)
All parameters	89.7	85.6	80.9	93.9	72.3	91.9
All angular parameters	71.9	70.5	25.5	93.9	21.3	93.9
All linear parameters	87.7	85.6	78.7	91.9	72.3	91.9
Proportional parameter	69.9	69.9	27.7	89.9	27.7	89.9
Stepwise model	87.7	87.0	74.5	93.9	72.3	93.9

Table 5. Classification Accuracy of Discriminant Functions Applied to Parameters Measured on Lateral Cephalogram of Jordanian Young Adults

Model

Classification accuracy (%)

Cross-validated (%)

Classification accuracy (%)

Cross-validated (%)

Male

Female

Male

Female

All parameters

89.7

85.6

80.9

93.9

72.3

91.9

All angular parameters

71.9

70.5

25.5

93.9

21.3

93.9

All linear parameters

87.7

85.6

78.7

91.9

72.3

91.9

Proportional parameter

69.9

27.7

89.9

27.7

89.9

Stepwise model

87.7

87.0

74.5

93.9

72.3

93.9